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laboutique.edpsciences.fr-R001831 03 01 01 R001831 00 ED E107 02 01 01 Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2021) The Belt and Road 01 eng 08 391 03 22 373347930 17 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 11 00 20221031 02 01 002186 03 9782759829378 15 9782759829378 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 45 03 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002186 03 01 01 002186 03 9782759829378 15 9782759829378 10 EA E107 10 02 01 R001831 ED E107 1 10 01 02 Hors collection - 01 01 Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2021) The Belt and Road 1 B15 01 A2000 Guo Huadong Huadong, Guo Guo Huadong Guo Huadong is the Director General of the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS), and a Professor of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Aerospace Information Research Institute. He is an Academician of CAS, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Foreign Member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, and a Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). He presently serves as Honorary President of the International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE), Director of the International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the auspices of UNESCO, Member of the International Science Council(ISC) Global Commission on Science Missions for Sustainability, Chair of Digital Belt and Road Program (DBAR), and Editor-in-Chief of two scientific journals International Joumal of Digital Earth and Big Barth Data. He served as Member of UN 10-Member Group to support the Technology Facilitation Mechanism for SDGs (2018-2021), Chairman of the International Committee of Remote Sensing of Environment (2017-2020), President of ISDE (2015-2019) and ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology (2010-2014). Prof. Guo specializes in remote sensing, radar for Earth observation and Digital Earth science. 01 eng 08 390 03 02 24 Izibook:Subject Environnement 24 Izibook:Subject Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Environnement| 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)| 20 géographie 10 2011 SCI026000 01 550 06 06 03 00 Big Earth Data in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals (2021): The Belt and Road showcases the innovative practice of applying Big Earth Data to the monitoring and evaluating indicators for six SDGs,i.c., SDG 2 Zero Hunger, SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 13 Climate Action, SDG14 Life below Water, SDG 15 Life on Land, and the analysis of the interactions among multiple SDG indicators. It presents 42 case studies on 22 targets relevant to countries and regions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. The report showcases the results of research, monitoring, and evaluation of SDGs and their indicators at four scales--local, national, regional, and global--totalling 37 data products, 19 methods and models, and 32 decision-support recommendations. These research results demonstrate China's exploration and practice in promoting the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through scientific and technological innovation, fully reveal the application value and broad prospects of Earth's big data technology in monitoring and evaluating the sustainable development goals, and open up new ways and methods to support the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through the use of advanced technologies and methods such as big data and artificial intelligence under the framework of the UN technology promotion mechanism. It can provide reference for countries to strengthen the implementation monitoring and evaluation of the agenda.This report can be read by researchers in related fields and decision makers in relevant national departments.. 02 00 The report showcases the results of research, monitoring, and evaluation of SDGs and their indicators at four scales--local, national, regional, and global--totalling 37 data products, 19 methods and models, and 32 decision-support recommendations. These research results demonstrate China's exploration and practice in promoting the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development through scientific and technological innovation. 04 00 Preface<o:p></o:p>Foreword<o:p></o:p>Executive Summary<o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p>Chapter 1 Introduction / 1Chapter 2. SDG 2 : Zero hungerBackground / 8Main Contributions / 9Case Studies / 112.1 Assessment of global livestock productivity and China’s contribution / 112.2 Dynamic changes in grassland above-ground biomass in representative East African countries / 192.3 Analysis of cropland area change in the 21st century in the Zambezi River basin / 272.4 Cropland dynamic change in the Mediterranean region from 2010 to 2020 / 342.5 Monitoring desert locusts in Asia and Africa / 402.6 Global data tracking of the CBD benefit-sharing of microbial resources / 46<o:p></o:p>2.7 Food security and agricultural sustainability inmajor regions of Asia, Europe and Africa / 51 Summary / 62<o:p></o:p><o:p>Chapter 3. SDG 6 : Clean water and sanitation</o:p>Background / 66<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 67<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 69<o:p></o:p>3.1 Changes in black and odorous water bodies inrepresentative cities of Europe and Asia / 69<o:p></o:p>3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the dynamic changes in globallake water clarity / 81<o:p></o:p>3.3 Change in water transparency in Africa from 1985 to 2020/ 88<o:p></o:p>3.4 Assessment of changes in global crop water-useefficiency / 96<o:p></o:p>3.5 Comparative analysis of the implementation of IWRMand water stress in Lancang-Mekong countries / 101<o:p></o:p>3.6 Mapping of global wetland conservation priority areas/ 110 Summary / 117<o:p></o:p><o:p>Chapter 4. SDG 11 : Sustainable cities and communities </o:p>Background / 120<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 121<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 123<o:p></o:p>4.1 Monitoring shanty towns in major cities of some regionsinvolved in the Belt and Road Initiative / 123<o:p></o:p>4.2 Land cover variability and its driving factors inglobal big cities (2021) / 130<o:p></o:p>4.3 Analysis of land use efficiency for cities of thecountries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative with different urban sizes /135<o:p></o:p>4.4 Comprehensive assessment of urbanization at WorldCultural Heritage Sites in the countries involved in the Belt and RoadInitiative and the neighboring countvies / 145<o:p></o:p>4.5 Measures and findings of interference at World CulturalHeritage Sites for SDGs / 150<o:p></o:p>4.6 Monitoring and evaluation of protection indicators ofglobal World Natural Heritage Sites / 159 Summary / 165<o:p></o:p><o:p>Chapter 5. SDG 13 :  Climate action</o:p>Main Contributions / 171<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 174<o:p></o:p>5.1 Variation in the range of heatwave influence in theEastern Hemisphere / 174<o:p></o:p>5.2 Global burned area distribution and changes / 180<o:p></o:p>5.3 Vulnerability prediction of freeze-thaw disasters inHigh-mountain Asia / 184<o:p></o:p>5.4 Flood changes and analysis of disaster reduction inPakistan from 2010 to 2020 / 190<o:p></o:p>5.5 Global CO, emissions and spatiotemporal variationsfrom gas flaring in oil production fields / 195<o:p></o:p>5.6 Temporal and spatial changes in global soil respiration andits response to climate change / 200<o:p></o:p>5.7 Impacts of land cover change on global net ecosystem productivity/207<o:p></o:p>5.8 Simulation of spatiotemporal characteristics ofEurasian glacier retreat and evaluation of its effects on water resources / 211<o:p></o:p>5.9 Monitoring and evaluation the freeze-thaw changes ofpolar ice sheet / 217<o:p></o:p>5.10 Global ocean heat content change / 227<o:p></o:p>5.11 Response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate changein Northwest China and five countries in Central Asia / 231 Summary / 239<o:p></o:p><o:p>Chapter 6. SDG 14 : Life below water</o:p>Background / 244<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 246<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 247<o:p></o:p>6.1 Spatial distribution characteristics of microplasticsin representative areas of Antarctica / 247<o:p></o:p>6.2 Coastal flood monitoring products for Bangladesh from2016 to 2020 / 256<o:p></o:p>6.3 Global mangrove forests spatial distribution monitoringin 2020 / 263<o:p></o:p>6.4 Spatial distribution of global coastal aquaculture ponds/ 268<o:p></o:p>6.5 Remote sensing assessment of coastal resources inMozambique for marine spatial planning / 274 Summary / 278<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 7. SDG 15 : Life on land</o:p>Background / 282<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 283<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 284<o:p></o:p>7.1 Global/regional forest cover (2020) / 284<o:p></o:p>7.2 Event-based analysis of global forest change in the 21stcentury / 289<o:p></o:p>7.3 Dynamic monitoring and control mesures of landdegradation and restoration in Mongolia (2015-2020) / 297<o:p></o:p>7.4 Ecological vulnerability assessment along theBangladesh-China- India-Myanmar Economic Corridor / 303<o:p></o:p>7.5 High-resolution global monitoring of the mountaingreen cover index / 313<o:p></o:p>Summary/318 <o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 8. Interactions among SDG indicators</o:p>Background / 322<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 325<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 326<o:p></o:p>8.1 Trade-offs of the food-water-air quality nexus overthe breadbasket of India / 326<o:p></o:p>8.2 Simulation and analysis of land use evolution inregions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative under the constraints ofmultiple SDGs / 332 Summary / 339Chapter 9 Summary and Prospects / 343<o:p></o:p>References / 348<o:p></o:p>Acronyms / 361<o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p> Preface<o:p></o:p>Foreword<o:p></o:p>Executive Summary<o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p>Chapter 1 Introduction / 1Chapter 2. SDG 2 : Zero hungerBackground / 8Main Contributions / 9Case Studies / 112.1 Assessment of global livestock productivity and China’s contribution / 112.2 Dynamic changes in grassland above-ground biomass in representative East African countries / 192.3 Analysis of cropland area change in the 21st century in the Zambezi River basin / 272.4 Cropland dynamic change in the Mediterranean region from 2010 to 2020 / 342.5 Monitoring desert locusts in Asia and Africa / 40 2.6 Global data tracking of the CBD benefit-sharing of microbial resources / 46<o:p></o:p>2.7 Food security and agricultural sustainability in major regions of Asia, Europe and Africa / 51 Summary / 62<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 3. SDG 6 : Clean water and sanitation</o:p>Background / 66<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 67<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 69<o:p></o:p>3.1 Changes in black and odorous water bodies in representative cities of Europe and Asia / 69<o:p></o:p>3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the dynamic changes in global lake water clarity / 81<o:p></o:p>3.3 Change in water transparency in Africa from 1985 to 2020 / 88<o:p></o:p>3.4 Assessment of changes in global crop water-use efficiency / 96<o:p></o:p>3.5 Comparative analysis of the implementation of IWRM and water stress in Lancang-Mekong countries / 101<o:p></o:p>3.6 Mapping of global wetland conservation priority areas / 110 Summary / 117<o:p></o:p><o:p>Chapter 4. SDG 11 : Sustainable cities and communities </o:p>Background / 120<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 121<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 123<o:p></o:p>4.1 Monitoring shanty towns in major cities of some regions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative / 123<o:p></o:p>4.2 Land cover variability and its driving factors in global big cities (2021) / 130<o:p></o:p>4.3 Analysis of land use efficiency for cities of the countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative with different urban sizes / 135<o:p></o:p>4.4 Comprehensive assessment of urbanization at World Cultural Heritage Sites in the countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative and the neighboring countvies / 145<o:p></o:p>4.5 Measures and findings of interference at World Cultural Heritage Sites for SDGs / 150<o:p></o:p>4.6 Monitoring and evaluation of protection indicators of global World Natural Heritage Sites / 159 Summary / 165<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 5. SDG 13 :  Climate action</o:p>Main Contributions / 171<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 174<o:p></o:p>5.1 Variation in the range of heatwave influence in the Eastern Hemisphere / 174<o:p></o:p>5.2 Global burned area distribution and changes / 180<o:p></o:p>5.3 Vulnerability prediction of freeze-thaw disasters in High-mountain Asia / 184<o:p></o:p>5.4 Flood changes and analysis of disaster reduction in Pakistan from 2010 to 2020 / 190<o:p></o:p>5.5 Global CO, emissions and spatiotemporal variations from gas flaring in oil production fields / 195<o:p></o:p>5.6 Temporal and spatial changes in global soil respiration and its response to climate change / 200<o:p></o:p>5.7 Impacts of land cover change on global net ecosystem productivity/207<o:p></o:p>5.8 Simulation of spatiotemporal characteristics of Eurasian glacier retreat and evaluation of its effects on water resources / 211<o:p></o:p>5.9 Monitoring and evaluation the freeze-thaw changes of polar ice sheet / 217<o:p></o:p>5.10 Global ocean heat content change / 227<o:p></o:p>5.11 Response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change in Northwest China and five countries in Central Asia / 231Summary / 239<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 6. SDG 14 : Life below water</o:p>Background / 244<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 246<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 247<o:p></o:p>6.1 Spatial distribution characteristics of microplastics in representative areas of Antarctica / 247<o:p></o:p>6.2 Coastal flood monitoring products for Bangladesh from 2016 to 2020 / 256<o:p></o:p>6.3 Global mangrove forests spatial distribution monitoring in 2020 / 263<o:p></o:p>6.4 Spatial distribution of global coastal aquaculture ponds / 268<o:p></o:p>6.5 Remote sensing assessment of coastal resources in Mozambique for marine spatial planning / 274Summary / 278<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 7. SDG 15 : Life on land</o:p>Background / 282<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 283<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 284<o:p></o:p>7.1 Global/regional forest cover (2020) / 284<o:p></o:p>7.2 Event-based analysis of global forest change in the 21st century / 289<o:p></o:p>7.3 Dynamic monitoring and control mesures of land degradation and restoration in Mongolia (2015-2020) / 297<o:p></o:p>7.4 Ecological vulnerability assessment along the Bangladesh-China- India-Myanmar Economic Corridor / 303<o:p></o:p>7.5 High-resolution global monitoring of the mountain green cover index / 313<o:p></o:p>Summary/318<o:p></o:p><o:p> Chapter 8. Interactions among SDG indicators</o:p>Background / 322<o:p></o:p>Main Contributions / 325<o:p></o:p>Case Studies / 326<o:p></o:p>8.1 Trade-offs of the food-water-air quality nexus over the breadbasket of India / 326<o:p></o:p>8.2 Simulation and analysis of land use evolution in regions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative under the constraints of multiple SDGs / 332Summary / 339Chapter 9 Summary and Prospects / 343<o:p></o:p>References / 348<o:p></o:p>Acronyms / 361<o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p> 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1302/9782759829378/big-earth-data-in-support-of-the-sustainable-development-goals-2021 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/982/793/original/9782759829361-BigEarthData_SilkRoad2021_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173811+0200 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 11 00 20221031 01 00 20221031 19 00 20221031 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759829361 15 9782759829361 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 01 00 20221031 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 20 04 05 01 02 1 00 92.99 01 5.50 4.85 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 324.99 01 5.50 4.85 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 357.99 01 5.50 18.66 USD 01