EDP Sciences 1777419732 20260428 fre

laboutique.edpsciences.fr-R002597 03 01 01 R002597 00 ED E107 00 01 01 When Albert became Einstein 1895-1901 01 eng 08 152 03 22 1954813 17 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 11 00 20240418 02 01 002713 03 9782759834815 15 9782759834815 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 45 03 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002713 03 01 01 002713 03 9782759834815 15 9782759834815 10 EA E107 10 00 01 R002597 ED E107 1 10 01 02 Sciences & Histoire / Sciences & History 01 01 When Albert became Einstein 1895-1901 1 A01 01 A2267 Christian Bracco Bracco, Christian Christian Bracco Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in th eAstronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in the Astronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. 01 eng 08 150 03 01 24 Izibook:Subject Physique Générale 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Physique Générale| 20 Albert Einstein;Italy;ETH Zurich;Milan;Michele Besso;capillarity;scientific exploration;Lombardy;early work;history;history of science;physics;nineteenth century;twentieth century 10 2011 SCI000000 01 530 01 05 05 03 00 <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician.<hr>This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician. This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> 02 00 This book delves into young Albert Einstein's time in Italy, exploring his scientific interests and connections, shedding new light on his early work and relationships. 04 00 Table of Contents<o:p></o:p>Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>1905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<o:p></o:p>Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7<o:p></o:p>Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10<o:p></o:p>1. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<o:p></o:p>Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19<o:p></o:p>The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19<o:p></o:p>The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21<o:p></o:p>The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<o:p></o:p>The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<o:p></o:p>The newindustrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>Unificationand railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 26<o:p></o:p>Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<o:p></o:p>The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28<o:p></o:p>Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan, Rome) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<o:p></o:p>Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<o:p></o:p>2. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einstein in the international electrotechnical context – exhibitions and reviews.  . . . . . .. 35Paris 1881,the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<o:p></o:p>The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricity and its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39<o:p></o:p>Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41<o:p></o:p>Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 42<o:p></o:p>Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<o:p></o:p>The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Munich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<o:p></o:p>Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46<o:p></o:p>Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<o:p></o:p>Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50<o:p></o:p>Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<o:p></o:p>3. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55<o:p></o:p>Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<o:p></o:p>An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58<o:p></o:p>Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<o:p></o:p>The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63<o:p></o:p>Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientific author . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of General Insurance .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68<o:p></o:p>The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70<o:p></o:p>Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic statics at the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75<o:p></o:p>Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the age of sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . .  76The plan tobe admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<o:p></o:p>The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<o:p></o:p>Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<o:p></o:p>The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 79<o:p></o:p>The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79<o:p></o:p>The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80<o:p></o:p>What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83<o:p></o:p>Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematician Giulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, the oretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84<o:p></o:p>Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academics in Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<o:p></o:p>Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo, a physicist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 92<o:p></o:p>5. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<o:p></o:p>The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<o:p></o:p>Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99<o:p></o:p>The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Giuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101<o:p></o:p>A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<o:p></o:p>An example of following up on scientific questions: thermo electricity . . . 103<o:p></o:p>Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 106<o:p></o:p>Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<o:p></o:p>Looking fora position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<o:p></o:p>Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 109<o:p></o:p>Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personal library . ..  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110<o:p></o:p>The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 111<o:p></o:p>6. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connection with his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113There current problem of the relative motion of matter and ether (1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>An attemptto demonstrate the relative motion of matter with respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<o:p></o:p>The abandoned thes is on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118<o:p></o:p>Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118<o:p></o:p>Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121<o:p></o:p>Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122<o:p></o:p>Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<o:p></o:p>Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125<o:p></o:p>A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<o:p></o:p>Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<o:p></o:p>Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<o:p></o:p>Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 141<o:p></o:p> <span style="color: rgb(13, 13, 13); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23The new industrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Unification and railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan,Rome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einsteinin the international electrotechnical context – exhibitionsand reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Paris 1881, the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricityand its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43VI When Albert became EinsteinMunich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientificauthor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of GeneralInsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic staticsat the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the ageof sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The plan to be admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematicianGiulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, theoretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academicsin Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo,a physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 925. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Table of Contents VIIGiuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102An example of following up on scientific questions: thermoelectricity . . . 103Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Looking for a position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personallibrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 1116. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connectionwith his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113The recurrent problem of the relative motion of matter and ether(1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113An attempt to demonstrate the relative motion of matterwith respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116The abandoned thesis on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 03 00 02 Italian Physical Society When Albert became Einstein, 1895-1901 || Detailed review of the book by Giorgio Benedek -(in English) https://www.sif.it/riviste/sif/sag/recensioni/bracco 01 20240916 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1403/9782759834815/when-albert-became-einstein 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/152/original/9782759834808-WhenAlbertBecameEinstein_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173351+0200 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 04 11 00 20240418 01 00 20240418 19 00 20240418 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759834808 15 9782759834808 06 03 9782759834822 15 9782759834822 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences 04 01 00 20240418 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 20 04 05 01 02 1 00 22.99 01 5.50 1.20 EUR 04 06 01 02 1 00 82.99 01 5.50 1.20 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 90.99 01 5.50 4.74 USD 01 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002714 03 01 01 002714 03 9782759834822 15 9782759834822 10 EA 10 10 01 02 Sciences & Histoire / Sciences & History 01 01 When Albert became Einstein 1895-1901 1 A01 01 A2267 Christian Bracco Bracco, Christian Christian Bracco Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in th eAstronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in the Astronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. 01 eng 08 150 03 01 24 Izibook:Subject Physique Générale 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Physique Générale| 20 Albert Einstein;Italy;ETH Zurich;Milan;Michele Besso;capillarity;scientific exploration;Lombardy;early work;history;history of science;physics;nineteenth century;twentieth century 10 2011 SCI000000 01 530 01 05 05 03 00 <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician.<hr>This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician. This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> 02 00 This book delves into young Albert Einstein's time in Italy, exploring his scientific interests and connections, shedding new light on his early work and relationships. 04 00 Table of Contents<o:p></o:p>Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>1905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<o:p></o:p>Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7<o:p></o:p>Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10<o:p></o:p>1. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<o:p></o:p>Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19<o:p></o:p>The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19<o:p></o:p>The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21<o:p></o:p>The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<o:p></o:p>The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<o:p></o:p>The newindustrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>Unificationand railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 26<o:p></o:p>Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<o:p></o:p>The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28<o:p></o:p>Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan, Rome) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<o:p></o:p>Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<o:p></o:p>2. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einstein in the international electrotechnical context – exhibitions and reviews.  . . . . . .. 35Paris 1881,the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<o:p></o:p>The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricity and its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39<o:p></o:p>Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41<o:p></o:p>Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 42<o:p></o:p>Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<o:p></o:p>The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Munich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<o:p></o:p>Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46<o:p></o:p>Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<o:p></o:p>Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50<o:p></o:p>Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<o:p></o:p>3. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55<o:p></o:p>Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<o:p></o:p>An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58<o:p></o:p>Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<o:p></o:p>The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63<o:p></o:p>Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientific author . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of General Insurance .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68<o:p></o:p>The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70<o:p></o:p>Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic statics at the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75<o:p></o:p>Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the age of sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . .  76The plan tobe admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<o:p></o:p>The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<o:p></o:p>Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<o:p></o:p>The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 79<o:p></o:p>The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79<o:p></o:p>The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80<o:p></o:p>What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83<o:p></o:p>Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematician Giulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, the oretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84<o:p></o:p>Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academics in Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<o:p></o:p>Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo, a physicist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 92<o:p></o:p>5. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<o:p></o:p>The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<o:p></o:p>Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99<o:p></o:p>The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Giuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101<o:p></o:p>A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<o:p></o:p>An example of following up on scientific questions: thermo electricity . . . 103<o:p></o:p>Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 106<o:p></o:p>Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<o:p></o:p>Looking fora position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<o:p></o:p>Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 109<o:p></o:p>Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personal library . ..  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110<o:p></o:p>The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 111<o:p></o:p>6. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connection with his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113There current problem of the relative motion of matter and ether (1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>An attemptto demonstrate the relative motion of matter with respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<o:p></o:p>The abandoned thes is on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118<o:p></o:p>Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118<o:p></o:p>Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121<o:p></o:p>Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122<o:p></o:p>Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<o:p></o:p>Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125<o:p></o:p>A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<o:p></o:p>Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<o:p></o:p>Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<o:p></o:p>Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 141<o:p></o:p> <span style="color: rgb(13, 13, 13); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23The new industrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Unification and railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan,Rome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einsteinin the international electrotechnical context – exhibitionsand reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Paris 1881, the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricityand its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43VI When Albert became EinsteinMunich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientificauthor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of GeneralInsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic staticsat the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the ageof sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The plan to be admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematicianGiulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, theoretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academicsin Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo,a physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 925. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Table of Contents VIIGiuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102An example of following up on scientific questions: thermoelectricity . . . 103Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Looking for a position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personallibrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 1116. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connectionwith his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113The recurrent problem of the relative motion of matter and ether(1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113An attempt to demonstrate the relative motion of matterwith respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116The abandoned thesis on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 03 00 02 Italian Physical Society When Albert became Einstein, 1895-1901 || Detailed review of the book by Giorgio Benedek -(in English) https://www.sif.it/riviste/sif/sag/recensioni/bracco 01 20240916 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1403/9782759834815/when-albert-became-einstein 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/152/original/9782759834808-WhenAlbertBecameEinstein_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173351+0200 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 04 11 00 20240418 01 00 20240418 19 00 20240418 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759834808 15 9782759834808 06 03 9782759834815 15 9782759834815 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences 04 01 00 20240418 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 31 04 05 01 02 1 00 22.99 01 5.50 1.20 EUR 04 06 01 02 1 00 82.99 01 5.50 1.20 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 90.99 01 5.50 4.74 USD 01 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002718 03 01 01 002718 03 9782759834808 15 9782759834808 00 BA 02 160 mm 01 240 mm 10 01 02 Sciences & Histoire / Sciences & History 01 01 When Albert became Einstein 1895-1901 1 A01 01 A2267 Christian Bracco Bracco, Christian Christian Bracco Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in th eAstronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. Christian Bracco is Associate Professor at the Université Côte d’Azur and a research scientist in the Astronomical sciences team at the Paris Observatory.Trained as a physicist, he is a recognised specialist in the history of physics of the nineteen and early twentieth centuries in optics, electromagnetism and relativity. He lectures on the history of physics to undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, to future physics teachers and in physics-intensive doctoral schools. 01 eng 00 150 03 01 24 Izibook:Subject Physique Générale 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Physique Générale| 20 Albert Einstein;Italy;ETH Zurich;Milan;Michele Besso;capillarity;scientific exploration;Lombardy;early work;history;history of science;physics;nineteenth century;twentieth century 10 2011 SCI000000 01 530 01 05 05 03 00 <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician.<hr>This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> <blockquote>This book proposes an in-depth investigation carried out in Italy in young Albert Einstein's footsteps, since his attempt to enter the ETH Zurich in 1895 until his first doctoral work in 1901. We follow his family, who transferred his electrical engineering company from Munich to Milan, in the rich social, economic, political and industrial context of post-unified Italy; a milieu also familiar to Michele Besso, Albert's closest friend and collaborator, whom he met again daily in Milan on semester-breaks, after their first meeting in 1895. In Pavia, the parish register will lead us to Carlo Marangoni, the uncle of Ernestina (Albert's friend) and a specialist in capillarity phenomena. In Milan, we will discover the library of the Lombardo Institute, Academy of sciences and letters, where Albert worked for his bibliography.Old registers at the university and at the Polytechnic will draw our attention to his connection with Giuseppe Jung, one of Michele's uncles, an academician. This young Albert environment sheds a new light on his scientific remarks to his fiancée Mileva Marić : his first article on capillarity and molecular forces; his interest in wireless telegraphy; his search to evidence the motion of the Earth through the ether; his thesis extended to weakly compressed gases and even his early questionings on the nature of light. All of this we will discover in a trip round Lombardy in the beginning of the 19th century.</blockquote> 02 00 This book delves into young Albert Einstein's time in Italy, exploring his scientific interests and connections, shedding new light on his early work and relationships. 04 00 Table of Contents<o:p></o:p>Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>1905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p>Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p>Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<o:p></o:p>Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7<o:p></o:p>Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10<o:p></o:p>1. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16<o:p></o:p>Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<o:p></o:p>Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19<o:p></o:p>The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19<o:p></o:p>The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21<o:p></o:p>The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<o:p></o:p>The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<o:p></o:p>The newindustrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>Unificationand railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<o:p></o:p>The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 26<o:p></o:p>Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<o:p></o:p>The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28<o:p></o:p>Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan, Rome) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<o:p></o:p>Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<o:p></o:p>2. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einstein in the international electrotechnical context – exhibitions and reviews.  . . . . . .. 35Paris 1881,the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<o:p></o:p>The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricity and its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39<o:p></o:p>Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41<o:p></o:p>Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 42<o:p></o:p>Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<o:p></o:p>The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Munich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<o:p></o:p>Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46<o:p></o:p>Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<o:p></o:p>Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50<o:p></o:p>Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52<o:p></o:p>3. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55<o:p></o:p>Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56<o:p></o:p>Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<o:p></o:p>An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58<o:p></o:p>Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<o:p></o:p>The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63<o:p></o:p>Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientific author . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of General Insurance .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68<o:p></o:p>The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70<o:p></o:p>Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71<o:p></o:p>Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic statics at the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75<o:p></o:p>Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the age of sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . .  76The plan tobe admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76<o:p></o:p>The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77<o:p></o:p>Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78<o:p></o:p>The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 79<o:p></o:p>The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79<o:p></o:p>The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80<o:p></o:p>What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<o:p></o:p>The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83<o:p></o:p>Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematician Giulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, the oretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84<o:p></o:p>Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academics in Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87<o:p></o:p>Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo, a physicist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90<o:p></o:p>Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 92<o:p></o:p>5. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95<o:p></o:p>The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96<o:p></o:p>Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99<o:p></o:p>The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Giuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101<o:p></o:p>A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102<o:p></o:p>An example of following up on scientific questions: thermo electricity . . . 103<o:p></o:p>Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 106<o:p></o:p>Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106<o:p></o:p>Looking fora position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107<o:p></o:p>Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 109<o:p></o:p>Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personal library . ..  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110<o:p></o:p>The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 111<o:p></o:p>6. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connection with his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113There current problem of the relative motion of matter and ether (1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 113<o:p></o:p>An attemptto demonstrate the relative motion of matter with respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116<o:p></o:p>The abandoned thes is on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118<o:p></o:p>Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118<o:p></o:p>Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121<o:p></o:p>Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122<o:p></o:p>Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124<o:p></o:p>Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125<o:p></o:p>A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131<o:p></o:p>Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133<o:p></o:p>Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135<o:p></o:p>Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 141<o:p></o:p> <span style="color: rgb(13, 13, 13); font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11905, a “miraculous” year for Albert Einstein? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Two important witnesses: Mileva Marić and Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . 3Letters to Mileva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Correspondence with Michele Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Michele’s unsuccessful plea for a history of the genesis of Albert’s ideas . 7Editorial plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. The Italian political and industrial context of the 19th Century 15The Einsteins in Milan and Pavia: settlements and relationships . . . . . . 16The short adventure of Einstein, Garrone & Cie (1894-1896) . . . . 16Famous homes and political connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Historical context: Napoleonic and Risorgimento influences . . . . . . . . . . 19The Cisalpine Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The insurrection of 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21The Risorgimento and the birth of a modern state . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The creation and role of the Lombard Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23The new industrial and economic framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Unification and railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The electrical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Insurance and the fate of workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27The academic world and its links to the industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . 28Some examples of the creation of polytechnics (Turin, Milan,Rome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29The Italian Electrotechnical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hoepli and the development of Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322. The company of Jakob and Hermann Einsteinin the international electrotechnical context – exhibitionsand reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Paris 1881, the first International Electricity Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . 37The birth of a major exhibition devoted to electricityand its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Electric lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Electric dynamos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Rail transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Medical and educational applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The first international congress of electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43VI When Albert became EinsteinMunich 1882 and the Einsteins’ involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Vienna 1883 and electric meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Turin 1884 and the development of alternating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Frankfurt 1891, three-phase current and the Einsteins’ participation . . . 50Electrotechnical magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523. Michele Besso and his family’s role in Italian industrialisation . 55Michele Besso (1873-1955), Albert’s long-standing friend . . . . . . . . . . . 56A brilliant young man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Constant links with Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57An endearing personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Albert and Michele meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The paternal branch of the Besso family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Giuseppe Besso (1839-1901), Michele’s father, humanist . . . . . . . . 63Beniamino Besso (1840-1907), railway engineer and scientificauthor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Marco Besso (1843-1920), the influential Chairman of GeneralInsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Davide Besso (1845-1906), mathematician and teacher . . . . . . . . . 68The maternal branch of the Cantoni family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Vittorio Cantoni (1857-1930), civil Polytechnic engineer . . . . . . . 71Giuseppe Jung (1845-1926), professor of graphic staticsat the Milan Polytechnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Albert’s environment in Pavia and preparations for ETH . . . . 75Albert’s attempt to be admitted to ETH in October 1895, at the ageof sixteen without a school-leaving certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The plan to be admitted to ETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The letter to Galileo Ferraris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Intervention with Herzog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The scientific memoir of 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The subject: the state of the ether in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 80What are the sources for the dissertation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81The Einsteins’ links with the University of Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Lorenzo Garrone and the mathematicianGiulio Vivanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Their partner Angelo Cerri, theoretical geodesy assistant . . . . . . . 84Jakob Einstein, Otto Neustätter and the medical academicsin Munich and Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Links with physicists at the University? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Social relations in Pavia: Ernestina Marangoni and her uncle Carlo,a physicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Ernestina Marangoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Carlo Marangoni, a renowned physicist and teacher . . . . . . . . . . . 90Carlo Marangoni: a direct influence on the young Albert? . . . . . . . 925. Albert’s scientific environment in Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95The library of the Lombard Institute (1899-1901). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Michele’s work on wireless telegraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99The discovery of electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Table of Contents VIIGiuseppe Jung’s library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101A thesis by Michele in 1900-1901? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102An example of following up on scientific questions: thermoelectricity . . . 103Albert’s professional worries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Links with his father’s new company business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Looking for a position as a university assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Scientific protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Albert’s lasting link with Giuseppe Jung through his personallibrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The professor of chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . 110The Ansbacher family and the musical environment in Milan . . . . 1116. Three Albert’s scientific questionings (1898-1901) in connectionwith his later 1905 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113The recurrent problem of the relative motion of matter and ether(1898-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Reading Ernst Mach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113An attempt to demonstrate the relative motion of matterwith respect to the ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Kyoto 1922 memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116The abandoned thesis on molecular forces (October 1900-December 1901) 118Capillary phenomena and molecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . 118Extending the subject of the thesis to molecular forces in gases . . . 121Max Reinganum’s article in the Lorentz Jubilee volume . . . . . . . . 122Abandoning the thesis in February 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Questions about the nature of light and light quanta from 1901? . . . . . . 125A final word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Index of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 03 00 02 Italian Physical Society When Albert became Einstein, 1895-1901 || Detailed review of the book by Giorgio Benedek -(in English) https://www.sif.it/riviste/sif/sag/recensioni/bracco 01 20240916 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1403/9782759834815/when-albert-became-einstein 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/152/original/9782759834808-WhenAlbertBecameEinstein_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173351+0200 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 04 11 00 20240418 01 00 20240418 19 00 20240418 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 27 03 9782759834815 15 9782759834815 27 03 9782759834822 15 9782759834822 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences 04 01 00 20240418 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 21 04 05 01 02 1 00 34.00 01 5.50 1.77 EUR 01