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laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002746 03 01 01 002746 03 9782759834938 15 9782759834938 00 BA 10 01 02 Current Natural Sciences 01 01 Visual Rehabilitation of Stroke A Translational Guide 1 A01 01 A2282 Carlo ALECI ALECI, Carlo Carlo ALECI <blockquote>Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients.</blockquote> Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients 01 eng 00 252 03 02 24 Izibook:Subject Médecine 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Médecine| 20 Hemianopia;visual field loss;stroke;brain injury;neurorehabilitation;neuronal restoration;repetitive stimulation;vision recovery;ophthalmology;neuroplasticity 10 2011 MED063000 01 610 06 06 05 03 00 <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> 02 00 This book explores the journey from the traditional belief that visual field loss due to brain injuries is irreversible to recent research suggesting that repetitive stimulation can partially restore vision, aiming to bring light back to patients' darkened world. 04 00 Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217<o:p></o:p> Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1415/9782759834945/visual-rehabilitation-of-stroke 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/189/original/9782759834938-Visual_Rehabilitation_of_Stroke_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173707+0200 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 11 00 20240627 01 00 20240627 19 00 20240627 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 27 03 9782759834945 15 9782759834945 27 03 9782759834952 15 9782759834952 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 01 00 20240627 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 21 04 05 01 02 1 00 105.00 01 5.50 5.47 EUR laboutique.edpsciences.fr-R002610 03 01 01 R002610 00 ED E107 00 01 01 Visual Rehabilitation of Stroke A Translational Guide 01 eng 08 254 03 22 9648765 17 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 11 00 20240627 02 01 002747 03 9782759834945 15 9782759834945 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 45 03 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002747 03 01 01 002747 03 9782759834945 15 9782759834945 10 EA E107 10 00 01 R002610 ED E107 1 10 01 02 Current Natural Sciences 01 01 Visual Rehabilitation of Stroke A Translational Guide 1 A01 01 A2282 Carlo ALECI ALECI, Carlo Carlo ALECI <blockquote>Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients.</blockquote> Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients 01 eng 08 252 03 02 24 Izibook:Subject Médecine 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Médecine| 20 Hemianopia;visual field loss;stroke;brain injury;neurorehabilitation;neuronal restoration;repetitive stimulation;vision recovery;ophthalmology;neuroplasticity 10 2011 MED063000 01 610 06 06 05 03 00 <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> 02 00 This book explores the journey from the traditional belief that visual field loss due to brain injuries is irreversible to recent research suggesting that repetitive stimulation can partially restore vision, aiming to bring light back to patients' darkened world. 04 00 Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217<o:p></o:p> Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1415/9782759834945/visual-rehabilitation-of-stroke 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/189/original/9782759834938-Visual_Rehabilitation_of_Stroke_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173707+0200 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 11 00 20240627 01 00 20240627 19 00 20240627 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759834938 15 9782759834938 06 03 9782759834952 15 9782759834952 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 01 00 20240627 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 20 04 05 01 02 1 00 72.99 01 5.50 3.81 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 256.99 01 5.50 3.81 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 281.99 01 5.50 14.70 USD 01 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002748 03 01 01 002748 03 9782759834952 15 9782759834952 10 EA 10 10 01 02 Current Natural Sciences 01 01 Visual Rehabilitation of Stroke A Translational Guide 1 A01 01 A2282 Carlo ALECI ALECI, Carlo Carlo ALECI <blockquote>Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients.</blockquote> Carlo ALECI, Neuro-ophthalmologist, is professor on contract of Psychophysics of Vision at the University of Turin and Editor-in-Chief of Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. Author of international papers and books like Dyslexia: a Visual Approach and Measuring the Soul-Psychophysics for non-Psychophysicists, Carlo has recently devised an evidence-based protocol, the Moonlight Project, for rehabilitating hemianopic patients 01 eng 08 252 03 02 24 Izibook:Subject Médecine 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Médecine| 20 Hemianopia;visual field loss;stroke;brain injury;neurorehabilitation;neuronal restoration;repetitive stimulation;vision recovery;ophthalmology;neuroplasticity 10 2011 MED063000 01 610 06 06 05 03 00 <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> <blockquote>A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades. This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.</blockquote> 02 00 This book explores the journey from the traditional belief that visual field loss due to brain injuries is irreversible to recent research suggesting that repetitive stimulation can partially restore vision, aiming to bring light back to patients' darkened world. 04 00 Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217<o:p></o:p> Preface.The Dark Side of the Moon ............................... VII<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p>Recalls of Neuro-Anatomy of the Visual Pathways .................... 1<o:p></o:p>1.1Posterior Cerebral Artery .................................. 3<o:p></o:p>1.2 The Visuotopic Mapping of the Visual Cortex ................... 4<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 2<o:p></o:p>Damage to the Visual Pathways: Perimetric Patterns .................. 9<o:p></o:p>2.1 Macular Splitting, Macular Sparing, and Foveal Sparing ........... 12<o:p></o:p>2.2 The Monocular Temporal Crescent ........................... 15<o:p></o:p>2.3 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 17<o:p></o:p>2.4 Visual Hallucinations in Hemianopia .......................... 19<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p>Perceptual and Oculomotor Requirements for Reading ................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.1Fixations and the Visual Span .............................. 23<o:p></o:p>3.2Saccades ............................................... 25<o:p></o:p>3.3Neuro-Anatomy of the Oculomotor Control..................... 27<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p>Hemianopic Alexia ............................................ 33<o:p></o:p>4.1Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Hemifield Loss (Reduced Visual Span) .................................... 344.2Impaired Visual Processing of the Word Due to the Defective Saccadic/Fixation Pattern ................................. 354.3 Visual Field Defect or Cortical Damage: Which is Responsible for the Abnormal Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic Dyslexia?  394.4 The Role of Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Attention ............ 40<o:p></o:p>4.5 Quadrantanopia, Paracentral Defects, and Relative Hemianopia ..... 42<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p>Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ............................. 45<o:p></o:p>5.1 Egocentric and Allocentric Coordinates........................ 49<o:p></o:p>5.2 Differentiating Hemineglect from Hemianopia ................... 50<o:p></o:p>5.3 Ocular Movements in Neglect ............................... 54<o:p></o:p>5.4 Altitudinal Neglect ....................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.5 Size Distortion in Neglect .................................. 57<o:p></o:p>5.6 Neglect Alexia .......................................... 57<o:p></o:p>5.6.1Ocular Movements in Neglect Alexia .................... 60<o:p></o:p>5.7 Rehabilitation of Visual Hemineglect and Neglect Alexia ........... 61<o:p></o:p>5.7.1 Prism Adaptation .................................. 64<o:p></o:p>5.7.2 Effect of Prism Adaptation on Reading .................. 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.3 Optokinetic Training ................................ 70<o:p></o:p>5.7.4 Compensatory Prisms ............................... 71<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 6<o:p></o:p>Visual Exploration in Hemianopia ................................ 73<o:p></o:p>6.1Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients in Controlled Experimental Conditions................................... 746.1.1 Visual Field Defect and Cortical Damage: Which is Directly Responsible for the Oculomotor Pattern in Hemianopic VisualExploration?...................................... 77<o:p></o:p>6.2 Displacement of the Egocenter in Hemianopes................... 78<o:p></o:p>6.2.1 Effect of the Displacement of the Egocenter on the Scanning Behavior of Hemianopic Patients ....................... 796.3 Size Distortion in Hemianopia ............................... 81<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p>Spontaneous Recovery and Compensation of Hemianopia ............... 83<o:p></o:p>7.1Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Visual Field Restoration............................................. 837.2 Spontaneous Recovery of the Visual Function Due to Oculomotor Adaptation............................................. 857.3 Spontaneous Recovery of Reading Due to Oculomotor Adaptation ... 87<o:p></o:p>7.3.1 Eccentric Fixation .................................. 88<o:p></o:p>7.4 The Effect of the Central Damage on the Development of Spontaneous Oculomotor Adaptation to Visual Search and Reading . . 897.5 Compensation of Hemianopic Patients with Hemineglect........... 89CHAPTER 8<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Restitution ..................... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1 Rationale of Visual Restitution: Cortical Plasticity ............... 91<o:p></o:p>8.1.1 Cortical Reorganization After Reversible Cortical Deafferentiation .................................... 928.1.2Cortical Reorganization After Permanent Retinal Scotoma .... 93<o:p></o:p>8.1.3Cortical Reorganization After Cortical Damage ............ 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.4Anatomy of Cortical Plasticity ......................... 94<o:p></o:p>8.1.5Recovery After Training in Animals ..................... 96<o:p></o:p>8.2 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training at the Transition Zone ...... 97<o:p></o:p>8.2.1Repeated Thres hold Measurements across the Transition Zone (Zihland von Cramon, 1979)...................... 988.2.2Repeated Threshold Measurements across the Transition Zone and Subsequent Saccadic Training (Van der Wildtand Bergsma, 1998) ................................. 100<o:p></o:p>8.2.3Visual Training with the Goldmann Perimeter (Bergsmaand van der Wildt, 2010) ..................... 1018.2.4 The Training Procedure of Poggel and Colleagues (2004,2008a) ...................................... 1028.2.5 The Computer-Assisted Training of Julkunen and Colleagues (2003)........................................... 1028.2.6Training of the Transition Zone with the Lubeck Reaction Perimeter(LRP: Schmielau and Wong, 2007).............. 1038.2.7 The Vision Restoration Therapy of Kasten and Sabel (VRT: Kasten et al., 1998a) ........................... 1048.2.8 The Vision Restoration Training of Schreiber et al.(2006) and Romano et al. (2008)............................. 1078.2.9 Counterevidence and Controversies About Visual Restitution . . 108<o:p></o:p>8.2.10 The Functional Studies and the Clue of Hallucinations...... 111<o:p></o:p>8.2.11 Predictors of the Outcome of Vision RestorationTherapy ... 114<o:p></o:p>8.2.12 The Discrepancy between Objective vs. Subjective Improvement ..................................... 1168.3 Vision Restitution in Humans: Training of the Blind Hemifield ...... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.1 Blindsight and Its Training-Rationale.................... 118<o:p></o:p>8.3.2 The Flickering Rehabilitation Protocol of Hyvärinen, Raninen, and Colleagues (2002, 2007) ................... 1208.3.3 The Effect of the Flickering Stimulation of the Blind Field on the Cortex ...................................... 1228.3.4 Flickering Rehabilitation of the Blind Field: The Study of Roth and Colleagues (2009) ......................... 1268.3.5 The Selective Stimulation Training of Sahraie et al.(2006) .... 127<o:p></o:p>8.3.6 The Saccadic Stimulation of the Blind Hemifield of Zihl and von Cramon (1980, 1981, 1985) ..................... 1288.3.7 Visual Restitution Associated with Pharmacotherapy (Widdig et al., 2003) ................................ 1338.3.8 Visual Restitution via Training of Motion Perception (Huxlin et al., 2009) ................................. 1338.3.9 Vision Restitution via Extrastriate Stimulation (Jobke et al., 2009) ................................. 1358.4 Training Blindsight with Audiovisual Stimulation................ 150<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 9<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Compensation................... 157<o:p></o:p>9.1 The Visual Search Training of Kerkhoff and Colleagues (Kerkhoff et al., 1994, 1992b)............................... 1579.2 The Saccadic Search Training of Zihl (Zihl, 1995b)............... 159<o:p></o:p>9.3 The Saccadic Search Training of Nelles and Colleagues (Nelles et al., 2001)....................................... 1599.4 The Portable Search Training System of Pambakian et al.(2004) .... 160<o:p></o:p>9.5 The Digits Search Training of Roth et al. (2009)................. 161<o:p></o:p>9.6 The Effect of Visual Search Training on Saccade and Fixations ...... 167<o:p></o:p>9.7 The Effect of Visual Rehabilitation (Saccadic Training)on the Cortex 168<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 10<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopic Alexia............................... 169<o:p></o:p>10.1 Optokinetic Reading Training (ORT)........................ 169<o:p></o:p>10.2 Saccadic Reading Training (SRT)........................... 171<o:p></o:p>10.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome............................ 177<o:p></o:p>CHAPTER 11<o:p></o:p>Rehabilitation of Hemianopia: Visual Substitution.................... 179<o:p></o:p>11.1 Mirrors ...............................................179<o:p></o:p>11.2 Prisms. Premise: The Apical Scotoma........................ 181<o:p></o:p>11.3 Binocular Full-Field Prisms................................ 182<o:p></o:p>11.4 Binocular Sector Prisms.................................. 182<o:p></o:p>11.5 Monocular Sector Prisms.................................. 185<o:p></o:p>11.5.1 The Trimmed Prismatic Sector of Lawton Smith (Lawton Smith et al., 1982) .......................... 18611.5.2 The Visual Field Awareness System (VFAS: Gottlieb,1988). . 186<o:p></o:p>11.5.3 The Procedure of Peli (EP Prisms: Peli, 2000)............ 188<o:p></o:p>11.5.4 The Oblique EP Prismatic Sectors..................... 192<o:p></o:p>11.5.5 Limitations and Remarks of the EP Method.............. 194<o:p></o:p>11.6 The Multiplexing Prisms of Peli and Jung (2017)............... 197<o:p></o:p>Conclusion.................................................. 199<o:p></o:p>Appendix. Pure Alexia......................................... 205<o:p></o:p>References.................................................. 217 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1415/9782759834945/visual-rehabilitation-of-stroke 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/189/original/9782759834938-Visual_Rehabilitation_of_Stroke_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20240913T173707+0200 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 01 01 P15 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 11 00 20240627 01 00 20240627 19 00 20240627 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759834938 15 9782759834938 06 03 9782759834945 15 9782759834945 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences & Science Press 04 01 00 20240627 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 31 04 05 01 02 1 00 72.99 01 5.50 3.81 EUR 04 06 01 02 1 00 256.99 01 5.50 3.81 EUR 01 04 06 01 02 1 00 281.99 01 5.50 14.70 USD 01