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          <TitleText>Introduction to biological crystallography</TitleText>
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        <PersonName>Marie-Hélène Le Du</PersonName>
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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">Marie-Hélène LE DU est directrice de recherche CEA à l'Institut de biologie cellulaire intégrative (I2BC/CNRS) de l'Université Paris-Saclay.</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Marie-HélèneLE DU is a CEA research director at the Institute of Integrative Cell Biology(I2BC/CNRS) at the University of Paris-Saclay.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">Pierre Legrand est scientifique de ligne sur la ligne Proxima-1 et membre de Héliobioau Synchrotron SOLEIL.</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pierre LEGRAND is in charge of the Proxima-1 beamlineat the SOLEIL synchrotron.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">Serena Sirigu est scientifique de ligne sur la ligne Proxima-2A et membre de Héliobioau Synchrotron SOLEIL.</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">Serena SIRIGU is a beamline scientist on the Proxima-2A beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron.</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"&gt;Directeur de recherche au CNRS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;, au Laboratoire de Physique des Solides(LPS/CNRS) de l’Université Paris-Saclay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px;"&gt;Sylvain RAVY is a CNRS research director at the Solid State Physics Laboratory (LPS/CNRS) at the University of Paris-Saclay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Sciences de la Vie / Biologie</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Chimie</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Biologie médicale</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>|Sciences de la Vie / Biologie|</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Macromolecule;drugs;three-dimensional structure;X-ray crystallography;X-rays;crystals;biological scientists;structural biology;biological crystallography;crystallisation;cell biology</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;This book introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule. It is targeted to biological scientists. &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;History of X-Ray Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.1 The Discovery of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.2 The Nature of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.3 The Origins of Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.4 The Discovery of Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.5 The First Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.6 Sir William Henry Bragg’s Brilliant Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.7 Biology Comes into Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.8 Rosalind Franklin and the Mystery of Cliché 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.9 CCP4: Collaborative Computational Project No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1 Knowing Your Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.1 Prediction of Structured Regions of a Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.2 Biochemical Approach: Limited Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2 Cloning, Production, Sample Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.1 Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.2 (Over)production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.3 Purification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystal Features and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.1 The Crystal Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.2 Crystal Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.3 The Bravais Lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.4 The Reciprocal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;X-Rays and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1 Why X-Rays: The Interaction of Light and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.1 The Choice of X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.2 The Interaction of Molecules with X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.3 How X-Rays Interact with a Crystal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.2 Diffraction: Bragg’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.3 Anomalous Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystallisation of a Biological Macromolecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.1 Properties of Proteins in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.2 General Scheme of Protein Behaviour in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . 53&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.3 Crystallisation Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2 Approaches, Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.1 Equipment Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.2 Crystallisation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.3 Crystallisation Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.4 Optimisation of Crystallisation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Trip to a Synchrotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1 How to Generate X-Rays? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.1 First X-Ray Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.2 Synchrotron Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2 Radiation Damage and Crystal Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.1 Radiation Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.2 Flash Freezing of Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.3 Fast Freezing of Crystals with Liquid Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3 Experimental Hutch: The Crystal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.1 Example of PROXIMA-1 Beamline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.2 The Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.3 Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Acquisition, Processing and Analysis of Diffraction Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1 Collection Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.1 Crystal Characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.2 The Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.2 Diffraction Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3 Analysis of Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.1 Friedel Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.2 The Choice of the Laue Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.3 Assessment of Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1 Introduction to the Fourier Transform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.2 Patterson Function and Harker Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.3 Vector Representation of Harker Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2 Anomalous Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.1 The Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.2 Breaking Friedel’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.3 The Use of Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.3 Phases Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 12&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Phases Improvement and Model Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.1 Lack of Closure and Figure of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2 Phases Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2.1 Electron Density Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2.2 Iterative Loop of Phases Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.3 Molecular Model Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 13&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Model Refinement and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1 Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.1 Iterative Process of Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.2 The 2Fo-Fc and Fo-Fc Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.3 Refinement Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.2 Three-Dimensional Structure Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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        <PersonName>Sylvain Ravy</PersonName>
        <PersonNameInverted>Ravy, Sylvain</PersonNameInverted>
        <NamesBeforeKey>Sylvain</NamesBeforeKey>
        <KeyNames>Ravy</KeyNames>
        <BiographicalNote language="fre">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"&gt;Directeur de recherche au CNRS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;, au Laboratoire de Physique des Solides(LPS/CNRS) de l’Université Paris-Saclay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color="#333333" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px;"&gt;Sylvain RAVY is a CNRS research director at the Solid State Physics Laboratory (LPS/CNRS) at the University of Paris-Saclay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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      <Illustrated>02</Illustrated>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Sciences de la Vie / Biologie</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Chimie</SubjectHeadingText>
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        <SubjectHeadingText>Biologie médicale</SubjectHeadingText>
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      <Subject>
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        <SubjectSchemeIdentifier>24</SubjectSchemeIdentifier>
        <SubjectSchemeName>Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags</SubjectSchemeName>
        <SubjectHeadingText>|Sciences de la Vie / Biologie|</SubjectHeadingText>
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      <Subject>
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        <SubjectSchemeName>Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags</SubjectSchemeName>
        <SubjectHeadingText>|Chimie|</SubjectHeadingText>
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      <Subject>
        <SubjectSchemeIdentifier>24</SubjectSchemeIdentifier>
        <SubjectSchemeName>Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags</SubjectSchemeName>
        <SubjectHeadingText>|Biologie médicale|</SubjectHeadingText>
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      <Subject>
        <SubjectSchemeIdentifier>20</SubjectSchemeIdentifier>
        <SubjectHeadingText>Macromolecule;drugs;three-dimensional structure;X-ray crystallography;X-rays;crystals;biological scientists;structural biology;biological crystallography;crystallisation;cell biology</SubjectHeadingText>
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      <Subject>
        <SubjectSchemeIdentifier>10</SubjectSchemeIdentifier>
        <SubjectSchemeVersion>2011</SubjectSchemeVersion>
        <SubjectCode>SCI016000</SubjectCode>
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        <SubjectCode>548</SubjectCode>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;This book introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule. It is targeted to biological scientists. &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
      </TextContent>
      <TextContent>
        <TextType>04</TextType>
        <ContentAudience>00</ContentAudience>
        <Text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;History of X-Ray Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.1 The Discovery of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.2 The Nature of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.3 The Origins of Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.4 The Discovery of Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.5 The First Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.6 Sir William Henry Bragg’s Brilliant Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.7 Biology Comes into Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.8 Rosalind Franklin and the Mystery of Cliché 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.9 CCP4: Collaborative Computational Project No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1 Knowing Your Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.1 Prediction of Structured Regions of a Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.2 Biochemical Approach: Limited Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2 Cloning, Production, Sample Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.1 Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.2 (Over)production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.3 Purification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystal Features and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.1 The Crystal Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.2 Crystal Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.3 The Bravais Lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.4 The Reciprocal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;X-Rays and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1 Why X-Rays: The Interaction of Light and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.1 The Choice of X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.2 The Interaction of Molecules with X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.3 How X-Rays Interact with a Crystal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.2 Diffraction: Bragg’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.3 Anomalous Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystallisation of a Biological Macromolecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.1 Properties of Proteins in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.2 General Scheme of Protein Behaviour in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . 53&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.3 Crystallisation Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2 Approaches, Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.1 Equipment Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.2 Crystallisation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.3 Crystallisation Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.4 Optimisation of Crystallisation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Trip to a Synchrotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1 How to Generate X-Rays? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.1 First X-Ray Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.2 Synchrotron Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2 Radiation Damage and Crystal Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.1 Radiation Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.2 Flash Freezing of Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.3 Fast Freezing of Crystals with Liquid Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3 Experimental Hutch: The Crystal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.1 Example of PROXIMA-1 Beamline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.2 The Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.3 Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Acquisition, Processing and Analysis of Diffraction Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1 Collection Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.1 Crystal Characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.2 The Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.2 Diffraction Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3 Analysis of Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.1 Friedel Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.2 The Choice of the Laue Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.3 Assessment of Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1 Introduction to the Fourier Transform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1.1 Fourier Transform Applied to Music. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1.2 Fourier Transform Applied to Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2 The Fourier Transform and the Phase Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2.1 The Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2.2 The Phase Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.1 The Phase Problem and the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2 Properties of the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.1 First Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.2 Second Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.3 Third Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.3 Applications of the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 10&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1 Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1.1 Patterson Function and Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . 102&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.2 Evaluation of the Molecular Replacement Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Experimental Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1 Isomorphous Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.1 Natives and Derivatives 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        <Text language="fre">&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained. X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.&lt;br&gt;The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule.&lt;br&gt;Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;History of X-Ray Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.1 The Discovery of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.2 The Nature of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.3 The Origins of Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.4 The Discovery of Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.5 The First Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.6 Sir William Henry Bragg’s Brilliant Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.7 Biology Comes into Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.8 Rosalind Franklin and the Mystery of Cliché 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;1.9 CCP4: Collaborative Computational Project No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sample Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1 Knowing Your Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.1 Prediction of Structured Regions of a Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.1.2 Biochemical Approach: Limited Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2 Cloning, Production, Sample Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.1 Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.2.2 (Over)production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;2.3 Purification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystal Features and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.1 The Crystal Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.2 Crystal Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.3 The Bravais Lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3.4 The Reciprocal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;X-Rays and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1 Why X-Rays: The Interaction of Light and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.1 The Choice of X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.2 The Interaction of Molecules with X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.1.3 How X-Rays Interact with a Crystal Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.2 Diffraction: Bragg’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4.3 Anomalous Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Crystallisation of a Biological Macromolecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.1 Properties of Proteins in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.2 General Scheme of Protein Behaviour in Solution . . . . . . . . . . . 53&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.1.3 Crystallisation Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2 Approaches, Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.1 Equipment Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.2 Crystallisation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.3 Crystallisation Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5.2.4 Optimisation of Crystallisation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Trip to a Synchrotron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1 How to Generate X-Rays? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.1 First X-Ray Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.1.2 Synchrotron Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2 Radiation Damage and Crystal Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.1 Radiation Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.2 Flash Freezing of Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.2.3 Fast Freezing of Crystals with Liquid Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3 Experimental Hutch: The Crystal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.1 Example of PROXIMA-1 Beamline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.2 The Control Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;6.3.3 Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Acquisition, Processing and Analysis of Diffraction Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1 Collection Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.1 Crystal Characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.1.2 The Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.2 Diffraction Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3 Analysis of Diffraction Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.1 Friedel Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.2 The Choice of the Laue Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7.3.3 Assessment of Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1 Introduction to the Fourier Transform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1.1 Fourier Transform Applied to Music. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.1.2 Fourier Transform Applied to Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2 The Fourier Transform and the Phase Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2.1 The Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;8.2.2 The Phase Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.1 The Phase Problem and the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2 Properties of the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.1 First Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.2 Second Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.2.3 Third Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9.3 Applications of the Patterson Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 10&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1 Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.1.1 Patterson Function and Molecular Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . 102&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.2 Evaluation of the Molecular Replacement Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Experimental Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1 Isomorphous Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.1 Natives and Derivatives Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.2 Patterson Function and Harker Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.1.3 Vector Representation of Harker Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2 Anomalous Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.1 The Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.2 Breaking Friedel’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.2.3 The Use of Anomalous Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;11.3 Phases Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 12&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Phases Improvement and Model Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.1 Lack of Closure and Figure of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2 Phases Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2.1 Electron Density Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.2.2 Iterative Loop of Phases Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;12.3 Molecular Model Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;CHAPTER 13&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Model Refinement and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1 Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.1 Iterative Process of Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.2 The 2Fo-Fc and Fo-Fc Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.1.3 Refinement Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;13.2 Three-Dimensional Structure Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Related videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;To Go Further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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