EDP Sciences 1775550915 20260407 fre

laboutique.edpsciences.fr-R002651 03 01 01 R002651 00 ED E107 00 01 01 Space Weather and Space Climate A Timeline 01 eng 08 168 03 22 25718485 17 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 11 00 20241104 02 01 002819 03 9782759836116 15 9782759836116 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 29 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/open_access_download/2819/2651 45 03 laboutique.edpsciences.fr-002819 03 01 01 002819 03 9782759836116 15 9782759836116 10 EA E107 10 00 01 R002651 ED E107 1 10 01 02 Hors Collection - 01 01 Space Weather and Space Climate A Timeline 1 A01 01 A2315 European Space Weather and Space Climate Association (E-SWAN) European Space Weather and Space Climate Association (E-SWAN) <p>E-SWAN is an international non-profit association created to provide a long-term support to the space weather and space climate activities, with a focus on Europe.<br></p> 01 eng 08 166 03 01 24 Izibook:Subject Astronomie 24 Izibook:Subject Astrophysique 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Astronomie| 24 Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags |Astrophysique| 20 Atmosphere;Earth;solar activity;Sun;celestial objects;space weather;space climate;E-SWAN 10 2011 SCI053000 29 CLIL3051 29 CLIL3058 01 530 01 05 03 00 <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, it was admitted that our atmosphere could not extend beyond a few tens of kilometers. Shortly after the midst of that same century, it was understood that the Earth is surrounded by a complex and rich plasma environment, conditioned by solar activity, extending over several tens of thousands of kilometers.</p><p>Today, we know that our planet’s boundaries extend all the way to the Sun. This book tells the long story of humanity’s efforts to understand the boundaries of the Earth and its influence from the external celestial objects dominated by our closest star, the Sun.</p><p>It also reveals the impact that solar activity is having on our technological societies, from the most beautiful to the most fearsome: Polar auroras and northern tourism, power and communications cuts, GNSS positioning degradations, planes losing contact with control towers, astronauts under threat, space... It presents, in a clear and educational way, this new and exciting discipline: space weather and space climate, its physics, its instruments, its methods, from modelling to artificial intelligence, its forecasting centres.</p><p>Written by a dozen of the world’s leading specialists in this field, this book is the tribute of the world’s largest space weather and space climate association, E-SWAN, to the lovers of space and nature.</p><div><br></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, it was admitted that our atmosphere could not extend beyond a few tens of kilometers. Shortly after the midst of that same century, it was understood that the Earth is surrounded by a complex and rich plasma environment, conditioned by solar activity, extending over several tens of thousands of kilometers.</p><p>Today, we know that our planet’s boundaries extend all the way to the Sun. This book tells the long story of humanity’s efforts to understand the boundaries of the Earth and its influence from the external celestial objects dominated by our closest star, the Sun.</p><p>It also reveals the impact that solar activity is having on our technological societies, from the most beautiful to the most fearsome: Polar auroras and northern tourism, power and communications cuts, GNSS positioning degradations, planes losing contact with control towers, astronauts under threat, space... It presents, in a clear and educational way, this new and exciting discipline: space weather and space climate, its physics, its instruments, its methods, from modelling to artificial intelligence, its forecasting centres.</p><p>Written by a dozen of the world’s leading specialists in this field, this book is the tribute of the world’s largest space weather and space climate association, E-SWAN, to the lovers of space and nature.</p> 02 00 <p>This book tells the story of humanity’s efforts to understand the boundaries of the Earth and its influence from the external celestial objects dominated by the Sun. It also reveals the impact that solar activity is having on our technological societies, and presents this new discipline: space weather and space climate.<br></p> 04 00 <p>Contents</p><p>Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V</p><p>CHAPTER 1</p><p>The Age of Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1</p><p>Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1</p><p>The Atmosphere and the Aurora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6</p><p>The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18</p><p>The First Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27</p><p>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28</p><p>CHAPTER 2</p><p>The Time of Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29</p><p>The Sun’s Energy Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29</p><p>The Solar Corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30</p><p>Emergence of New Physics and a New Concept: Plasma and the Solar Wind 34</p><p>Hannes Alfvén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36</p><p>Discovery of an Electrically Conductive Atmospheric Layer: The Ionosphere . 38</p><p>The Marconi Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40</p><p>Nomenclature for the Atmospheric and Ionospheric Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43</p><p>The First Idea on the Variable Earth’s Magnetosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44</p><p>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45</p><p>CHAPTER 3</p><p>The Time of Complexity: The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47</p><p>The Beginnings of the Space Age in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47</p><p>The International Geophysical Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49</p><p>The Hunt for the Radiation Belt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51</p><p>The Magnetosphere and Solar Wind are Revealed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53</p><p>Is the Magnetosphere Closed or Open? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55</p><p>The Dynamics of the Magnetosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56</p><p>Magnetic Reconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58</p><p>Geomagnetic Storms and Magnetospheric Substorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59</p><p>The South Atlantic Anomaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60</p><p>Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60</p><p>Variability of the Aurora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61</p><p>Variability of Airglow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62</p><p>Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63</p><p>Space Instrumentation and Multi-Satellite Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64</p><p>First Unsuccessful Launch of CLUSTER Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66</p><p>Ground-Based Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68</p><p>Magnetometer Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69</p><p>Incoherent Scatter Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69</p><p>EISCAT 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72</p><p>Coherent Scatter Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73</p><p>Measuring the Total Electron Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74</p><p>Optical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75</p><p>Neutron Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76</p><p>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77</p><p>CHAPTER 4</p><p>The Time of Complexity: The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79</p><p>The Dynamic Sun and the Solar Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79</p><p>The Solar Flare Myth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81</p><p>The Solar Dynamo and Solar Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82</p><p>We Lost SOHO! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85</p><p>The Solar Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88</p><p>Coronal Mass Ejections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91</p><p>Solar Flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95</p><p>Solar Energetic Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96</p><p>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97</p><p>CHAPTER 5</p><p>The Time of Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99</p><p>Description of the Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100</p><p>The Worst Case: Should We Fear Space Weather? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116</p><p>Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119</p><p>CHAPTER 6</p><p>Space Weather Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121</p><p>Activity Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121</p><p>Observing the Sun from the Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122</p><p>Observing the Sun from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128</p><p>From Data to Forecast: The Key Role of Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133</p><p>Modelling to Interpret Observations or to Simulate the Unobservable . . . . . . 134</p><p>Correlation and Causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135</p><p>The Evolution of the Modelling of the Sun-Earth Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 137</p><p>A New Approach: Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138</p><p>At the Heart of Forecasting Models: The Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143</p><p>From Data to Forecast: The Operational Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146</p><p>A New Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149</p><p>Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149</p><p>Webography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150</p><p>Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153</p> 21 00 06 01 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/produit/1448/9782759836116/space-weather-and-space-climate 01 00 03 02 https://laboutique.edpsciences.fr/system/product_pictures/data/009/983/276/original/9782759836109-SpaceWeather_couv-sofedis.jpg 17 14 20241010T151312+0200 01 P1 EDP Sciences 01 01 P1 EDP Sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar - PA de Courtaboeuf - 91944 Les Ulis cedex A http://publications.edpsciences.org/ 04 11 00 20241104 01 00 20241104 19 00 20241104 2026 06 3052868830012 01 WORLD 13 03 9782759836109 15 9782759836109 WORLD 08 EDP Sciences 04 01 00 20241104 03 01 D1 EDP Sciences 20 04 05 01 02 1 00 01 EUR