Preface
Foreword
Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction / 1
Chapter 2. SDG 2 : Zero hunger
Background / 8
Main Contributions / 9
Case Studies / 11
2.1 Assessment of global livestock productivity and China’s contribution / 11
2.2 Dynamic changes in grassland above-ground biomass in representative East African countries / 19
2.3 Analysis of cropland area change in the 21st century in the Zambezi River basin / 27
2.4 Cropland dynamic change in the Mediterranean region from 2010 to 2020 / 34
2.5 Monitoring desert locusts in Asia and Africa / 40
2.6 Global data tracking of the CBD benefit-sharing of microbial resources / 46
2.7 Food security and agricultural sustainability inmajor regions of Asia, Europe and Africa / 51 Summary / 62
Chapter 3. SDG 6 : Clean water and sanitation
Background / 66
Main Contributions / 67
Case Studies / 69
3.1 Changes in black and odorous water bodies inrepresentative cities of Europe and Asia / 69
3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the dynamic changes in globallake water clarity / 81
3.3 Change in water transparency in Africa from 1985 to 2020/ 88
3.4 Assessment of changes in global crop water-useefficiency / 96
3.5 Comparative analysis of the implementation of IWRMand water stress in Lancang-Mekong countries / 101
3.6 Mapping of global wetland conservation priority areas/ 110 Summary / 117
Chapter 4. SDG 11 : Sustainable cities and communities
Background / 120
Main Contributions / 121
Case Studies / 123
4.1 Monitoring shanty towns in major cities of some regionsinvolved in the Belt and Road Initiative / 123
4.2 Land cover variability and its driving factors inglobal big cities (2021) / 130
4.3 Analysis of land use efficiency for cities of thecountries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative with different urban sizes /135
4.4 Comprehensive assessment of urbanization at WorldCultural Heritage Sites in the countries involved in the Belt and RoadInitiative and the neighboring countvies / 145
4.5 Measures and findings of interference at World CulturalHeritage Sites for SDGs / 150
4.6 Monitoring and evaluation of protection indicators ofglobal World Natural Heritage Sites / 159 Summary / 165
Chapter 5. SDG 13 : Climate action
Main Contributions / 171
Case Studies / 174
5.1 Variation in the range of heatwave influence in theEastern Hemisphere / 174
5.2 Global burned area distribution and changes / 180
5.3 Vulnerability prediction of freeze-thaw disasters inHigh-mountain Asia / 184
5.4 Flood changes and analysis of disaster reduction inPakistan from 2010 to 2020 / 190
5.5 Global CO, emissions and spatiotemporal variationsfrom gas flaring in oil production fields / 195
5.6 Temporal and spatial changes in global soil respiration andits response to climate change / 200
5.7 Impacts of land cover change on global net ecosystem productivity/207
5.8 Simulation of spatiotemporal characteristics ofEurasian glacier retreat and evaluation of its effects on water resources / 211
5.9 Monitoring and evaluation the freeze-thaw changes ofpolar ice sheet / 217
5.10 Global ocean heat content change / 227
5.11 Response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate changein Northwest China and five countries in Central Asia / 231
Summary / 239
Chapter 6. SDG 14 : Life below water
Background / 244
Main Contributions / 246
Case Studies / 247
6.1 Spatial distribution characteristics of microplasticsin representative areas of Antarctica / 247
6.2 Coastal flood monitoring products for Bangladesh from2016 to 2020 / 256
6.3 Global mangrove forests spatial distribution monitoringin 2020 / 263
6.4 Spatial distribution of global coastal aquaculture ponds/ 268
6.5 Remote sensing assessment of coastal resources inMozambique for marine spatial planning / 274
Summary / 278
Chapter 7. SDG 15 : Life on land
Background / 282
Main Contributions / 283
Case Studies / 284
7.1 Global/regional forest cover (2020) / 284
7.2 Event-based analysis of global forest change in the 21stcentury / 289
7.3 Dynamic monitoring and control mesures of landdegradation and restoration in Mongolia (2015-2020) / 297
7.4 Ecological vulnerability assessment along theBangladesh-China- India-Myanmar Economic Corridor / 303
7.5 High-resolution global monitoring of the mountaingreen cover index / 313
Summary/318
Chapter 8. Interactions among SDG indicators
Background / 322
Main Contributions / 325
Case Studies / 326
8.1 Trade-offs of the food-water-air quality nexus overthe breadbasket of India / 326
8.2 Simulation and analysis of land use evolution inregions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative under the constraints ofmultiple SDGs / 332
Summary / 339
Chapter 9 Summary and Prospects / 343
References / 348
Acronyms / 361
