Summary................................................... V
Acknowledgements............................................ VII
CHAPTER 1
Introduction................................................. 1
CHAPTER 2
TaxonomicHistory: An Overview ................................. 5
CHAPTER 3
MorphologicalCharacters ....................................... 11
3.1Material and Methods..................................... 11
3.2 Results................................................ 12
3.2.1 LifeForm and Habit ................................ 12
3.2.2 Rootand Rhizome .................................. 13
3.2.3 Stem............................................ 14
3.2.4Leaves ........................................... 15
3.2.5Synflorescence ..................................... 25
3.2.6Involucre and Phyllary ............................... 27
3.2.7 Bractand Bracteole ................................. 29
3.2.8 RayFlorets ....................................... 29
3.2.9 DiskFlorets ....................................... 37
3.2.10Achenes .......................................... 37
3.2.11Pappus........................................... 39
CHAPTER 4
Karyology................................................... 41
4.1Material and Methods..................................... 42
4.2 Results................................................ 42
4.2.1Chromosome Numbers ............................... 42
4.2.2Karyotypes ....................................... 63
4.3Discussion .............................................. 66
4.3.1 BaseChromosome Numbers ........................... 66
4.3.2Polyploidy ........................................ 66
4.3.3Systematic Implications .............................. 67
CHAPTER 5
Phylogeny.................................................. 71
CHAPTER 6
Taxonomy.................................................. 79
6.1Methodology ............................................ 79
6.2 SpeciesConcepts......................................... 81
6.3Taxonomic Treatment ..................................... 82
CHAPTER 7
Phytogeography.............................................. 745
7.1Distributional Range of Cremanthodium ....................... 746
7.2 MajorGeographical Regions of Cremanthodium ................. 747
7.3 SpeciesNumbers in Different Countries or Regions ............... 747
7.4Widespread and Rare Species ............................... 752
References.................................................. 757
Appendix I.List of Nomenclatural Novelties Published in this Work ....... 771
AppendixII. List of New Synonyms Published in this Work ............. 773
AppendixIII. List of New Typifications Published in this Work .......... 775
AppendixIV. List of Chromosome Counts Currently Known
inCremanthodium, with the Species Arranged
Alphabetically..................................... 777
Appendix V.Numerical List of Taxa in Cremanthodium ................ 779
Appendix VI. List of Specimens Examined.......................... 783
Index to Scientific Names....................................... 807