CHAPTER 1 Introduction ..................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 Taxonomic History .......................... 3
2.1 Circumscription of the genus .... 3
2.2 Preliminary taxonomic history .. 3
2.3 Division and systematics of the genus.............. 9
CHAPTER 3 Material and Methods .................... 13
3.1 Specimen examination ............ 13
3.2 Phylogenetic analysis .............. 13
3.2.1 Molecular protocols ...... 13
3.2.2 Phylogenetic tree construction .................................................. 14
3.3 Data analysis about geographical distribution ...................................... 14
CHAPTER 4 Taxonomy ...................................... 17
4.1 Morphological notes ................ 17
4.2 Key to recognized species ....... 48
4.3 Descriptions of recognized species ...................................................... 65
1. Macromitrium acuminatum (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Müll. Hal. ........ 65
2. Macromitrium acutirameum Mitt. .................................................. 65
3. Macromitrium amaniense P. de la Varde ........................................ 65
4. Macromitrium amboroicum Herzog ............................................... 69
5. Macromitrium angulatum Mitt. ...................................................... 69
6. Macromitrium angulosum Thwaites & Mitt. .................................. 69
7. Macromitrium angustifolium Dozy & Molk. ................................. 70
8. Macromitrium antarcticum C.H. Wright ........................................ 70
9. Macromitrium archboldii E.B. Bartram ......................................... 76
10. Macromitrium archeri Mitt. ......................................................... 76
11. Macromitrium argutum Hampe .................................................... 78
12. Macromitrium atratum Herzog .................................................... 80
13. Macromitrium atroviride R.S. Williams ....................................... 80
14. Macromitrium attenuatum Hampe ............................................... 80
15. Macromitrium aurantiacum Paris & Broth. ................................. 84
16. Macromitrium aurescens Hampe ................................................. 84
17. Macromitrium aureum Müll. Hal. ................................................ 85
18. Macromitrium austrocirrosum E.B. Bartram ............................... 85
19. Macromitrium bifasciculare Müll. Hal ex Dusén ........................ 88
20. Macromitrium bifasciculatum Müll. Hal. ..................................... 88
21. Macromitrium binsteadii Dixon ................................................... 93
22. Macromitrium bistratosum E. B. Bartram .................................... 93
23. Macromitrium blumei Nees ex Schwägr. ..................................... 93
24. Macromitrium brachypodium Müll. Hal. ..................................... 94
25. Macromitrium brevicaule (Besch.) Broth. ................................... 98
26. Macromitrium brevihamatum Herzog .......................................... 98
27. Macromitrium brevisetum Mitt. ................................................. 101
28. Macromitrium caldense Ångström ............................................. 101
29. Macromitrium caloblastoides Müll. Hal. ................................... 101
30. Macromitrium calocalyx Müll. Hal. ........................................... 102
31. Macromitrium calomicron Broth. ............................................... 102
32. Macromitrium calymperoideum Mitt. ........................................ 108
33. Macromitrium campoanum Thér. ............................................... 108
34. Macromitrium cardotii Thér. ...................................................... 108
35. Macromitrium cataractarum Müll. Hal. .................................... 112
36. Macromitrium catharinense Paris .............................................. 112
37. Macromitrium chloromitrium (Besch.) Wilbraham .................... 113
38. Macromitrium cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid. ...................................... 113
39. Macromitrium clastophyllum Cardot ......................................... 114
40. Macromitrium comatum Mitt. .................................................... 119
41. Macromitrium concinnum Mitt. ex Bosch & Sande Lac. ........... 119
42. Macromitrium constrictum Hampe & Lorentz ........................... 119
43. Macromitrium crassirameum Müll. Hal. .................................... 123
44. Macromitrium crassiusculum Lorentz ....................................... 123
45. Macromitrium crinale Broth. & Geh. ......................................... 123
46. Macromitrium crispatulum Mitt. ................................................ 124
47. Macromitrium crosbyorum B.H. Allen & Vitt ............................ 124
48. Macromitrium cuspidatum Hampe ............................................. 130
49. Macromitrium cylindricum Mitt. ................................................ 130
50. Macromitrium densum Mitt. ....................................................... 130
51. Macromitrium diaphanum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 131
52. Macromitrium dielsii Broth. ex Vitt & H. P. Ramsay ................. 136
53. Macromitrium divaricatum Mitt. ................................................ 136
54. Macromitrium diversifolium Broth. ............................................ 136
55. Macromitrium dubium Schimp. ex Müll. Hal. ........................... 139
56. Macromitrium dusenii Müll.Hal. ex Broth. ................................ 139
57. Macromitrium echinatum B.H. Allen ......................................... 139
58. Macromitrium ecrispatum Dixon ............................................... 143
59. Macromitrium eddyi B.C. Tan & Shevock ................................. 143
60. Macromitrium ellipticum Hampe ............................................... 143
61. Macromitrium emersulum Müll. Hal. ......................................... 146
62. Macromitrium erubescens E.B. Bartram .................................... 146
63. Macromitrium erythrocomum H.P. Ramsay, A. Cairns & Meagher............ 146
64. Macromitrium evrardii Thér. ...................................................... 147
65. Macromitrium exsertum Broth. .................................................. 147
66. Macromitrium falcatulum Müll. Hal. ......................................... 150
67. Macromitrium fendleri Müll. Hal. .............................................. 150
68. Macromitrium fernandezianum Broth. ....................................... 150
69. Macromitrium ferriei Cardot & Thér. ........................................ 154
70. Macromitrium fimbriatum (P. Beauv.) Schwägr. ........................ 154
71. Macromitrium flavopilosum R.S. Williams ................................ 155
72. Macromitrium flexuosum Mitt. ................................................... 155
73. Macromitrium formosae Cardot ................................................. 160
74. Macromitrium fortunatii Cardot & Thér. ................................... 160
75. Macromitrium fragilicuspis Cardot ............................................ 160
76. Macromitrium francii Thér. ........................................................ 161
77. Macromitrium frondosum Mitt. .................................................. 161
78. Macromitrium frustratum B.H. Allen ......................................... 167
79. Macromitrium fulgescens E.B. Bartram ..................................... 167
80. Macromitrium fulvum Mitt. ........................................................ 167
81. Macromitrium funicaule Schimp. ex Besch. .............................. 171
82. Macromitrium funiforme Dixon ................................................. 171
83. Macromitrium fuscescens Schwägr. ........................................... 171
84. Macromitrium fuscoaureum E.B. Bartram ................................. 172
85. Macromitrium galipense Müll. Hal. ........................................... 176
86. Macromitrium gigasporum Herzog ............................................ 176
87. Macromitrium giraldii Müll. Hal. .............................................. 176
88. Macromitrium glabratum Broth. ................................................ 178
89. Macromitrium glaziovii Hampe ................................................. 178
90. Macromitrium gracile (Hook.) Schwägr. ................................... 184
91. Macromitrium greenmanii Grout ............................................... 184
92. Macromitrium grossirete Müll. Hal. .......................................... 184
93. Macromitrium guatemalense Müll. Hal. .................................... 185
94. Macromitrium gymnostomum Sull. & Lesq. .............................. 186
95. Macromitrium hainanense S.L. Guo & S. He ............................ 191
96. Macromitrium harrisii Paris ....................................................... 191
97. Macromitrium helmsii Paris ....................................................... 191
98. Macromitrium hemitrichodes Schwägr. ..................................... 194
99. Macromitrium herzogii Broth. .................................................... 195
100. Macromitrium hildebrandtii Müll. Hal. ................................... 195
101. Macromitrium holomitrioides Nog. .......................................... 199
102. Macromitrium hortoniae Vitt & H. P. Ramsay ......................... 199
103. Macromitrium huigrense R.S. Williams ................................... 201
104. Macromitrium humboldtense Thouvenot & Frank Müll. ......... 203
105. Macromitrium incurvifolium (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ......... 203
106. Macromitrium involutifolium (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ........ 204
107. Macromitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk. ................................ 205
108. Macromitrium krausei Lorentz ................................................. 206
109. Macromitrium laevigatum Thér. ............................................... 210
110. Macromitrium laevisetum Mitt. ................................................ 210
111. Macromitrium lanceolatum Broth. ........................................... 210
112. Macromitrium laosianum Paris & Broth. ................................. 213
113. Macromitrium larrainii Thouvenot & K.T. Yong ..................... 214
114. Macromitrium lauterbachii Broth. ex Fleisch. ......................... 215
115. Macromitrium lebomboense van Rooy ..................................... 215
116. Macromitrium leprieurii Mont. ................................................ 215
117. Macromitrium leratii Broth. & Paris ........................................ 216
118. Macromitrium ligulaefolium Broth. ......................................... 221
119. Macromitrium ligulare Mitt. .................................................... 221
120. Macromitrium lomasense H. Rob. ............................................ 224
121. Macromitrium longicaule Müll. Hal. ....................................... 224
122. Macromitrium longifolium (Hook.) Brid. ................................. 225
123. Macromitrium longipapillosum D.D. Li, J. Yu, T. Cao & S.L. Guo......... 227
124. Macromitrium longipes (Hook.) Schwägr. ............................... 228
125. Macromitrium longipilum A. Braun ex Müll. Hal. ................... 228
126. Macromitrium longirostre (Hook.) Schwägr. ........................... 231
127. Macromitrium lorifolium Paris & Broth. .................................. 231
128. Macromitrium macrocomoides Müll. Hal. ............................... 232
129. Macromitrium macrosporum Broth. ......................................... 235
130. Macromitrium macrothele Müll. Hal. ...................................... 235
131. Macromitrium maolanense Ze Y. Zhang, D.D. Li, J. Yu & S.L. Guo........ 236
132. Macromitrium masafuerae Broth. ............................................ 236
133. Macromitrium mcphersonii B.H. Allen .................................... 236
134. Macromitrium megalocladon M. Fleisch. ................................ 237
135. Macromitrium melinii Roiv. ..................................................... 237
136. Macromitrium menziesii Müll. Hal. ......................................... 244
137. Macromitrium microcarpum Müll. Hal. ................................... 244
138. Macromitrium microstomum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ......... 244
139. Macromitrium minutum Mitt. ................................................... 246
140. Macromitrium mittenianum Steere ........................................... 251
141. Macromitrium moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ............. 251
142. Macromitrium mosenii Broth. .................................................. 251
143. Macromitrium nanothecium Müll. Hal. ex Cardot ................... 252
144. Macromitrium nematosum E.B. Bartram ................................. 252
145. Macromitrium nepalense (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. ............... 258
146. Macromitrium nigricans Mitt. .................................................. 258
147. Macromitrium noguchianum W. Schultze-Motel ..................... 261
148. Macromitrium norrisianum Vitt ............................................... 261
149. Macromitrium nubigenum Herzog ........................................... 261
150. Macromitrium oblongum (Taylor) Spruce ................................ 262
151. Macromitrium ochraceoides Dixon ......................................... 262
152. Macromitrium ochraceum (Dozy & Molk.) Müll. Hal. ........... 266
153. Macromitrium onraedtii Bizot ................................................. 266
154. Macromitrium orthophyllum Mitt. ........................................... 266
155. Macromitrium orthostichum Nees ex Schwägr. ....................... 267
156. Macromitrium osculatianum De Notaris .................................. 268
157. Macromitrium ousiense Broth. & Paris .................................... 268
158. Macromitrium ovale Mitt. ........................................................ 269
159. Macromitrium pallidum (P. Beauv.) Wijk & Margad. .............. 269
160. Macromitrium panduraefolium Thouvenot .............................. 277
161. Macromitrium paridis Besch. ................................................... 277
162. Macromitrium parvifolium Dixon ............................................ 277
163. Macromitrium parvirete E.B. Bartram ..................................... 278
164. Macromitrium pellucidum Mitt. ............................................... 278
165. Macromitrium peraristatum Broth. .......................................... 282
166. Macromitrium perdensifolium Dixon ....................................... 282
167. Macromitrium perfragile E. B. Bartram ................................... 282
168. Macromitrium perichaetiale (Hook. & Grev.) Müll. Hal. ........ 283
169. Macromitrium perpusillum Müll. Hal. ..................................... 283
170. Macromitrium perreflexum Steere ............................................ 288
171. Macromitrium pertriste Müll. Hal. ........................................... 288
172. Macromitrium petelotii Tixier .................................................. 288
173. Macromitrium picobonitum B.H. Allen .................................... 289
174. Macromitrium pilicalyx Dixon ex E. B. Bartram ..................... 289
175. Macromitrium piliferum Schwägr. ........................................... 289
176. Macromitrium pilosum Thér. .................................................... 290
177. Macromitrium proliferum Mitt. ................................................ 290
178. Macromitrium prolongatum Mitt. ............................................ 299
179. Macromitrium prorepens (Hook.) Schwägr. ............................ 299
180. Macromitrium proximum Thér. ................................................ 301
181. Macromitrium pseudofimbriatum Hampe ................................ 301
182. Macromitrium pseudoserrulatum E.B. Bartram ....................... 303
183. Macromitrium pulchrum Besch. ............................................... 304
184. Macromitrium pullenii Vitt ....................................................... 304
185. Macromitrium punctatum (Hook. & Grev.) Brid. .................... 305
186. Macromitrium pyriforme Müll. Hal. ........................................ 306
187. Macromitrium quercicola Broth. .............................................. 306
188. Macromitrium ramsayae Vitt ................................................... 313
189. Macromitrium raphidophyllum Müll. Hal. ............................... 314
190. Macromitrium refractifolium Müll. Hal. .................................. 314
191. Macromitrium regnellii Hampe ................................................ 314
192. Macromitrium renauldii Thér. .................................................. 315
193. Macromitrium repandum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 315
194. Macromitrium retusulum Müll. Hal. ........................................ 316
195. Macromitrium retusum Hook. f. & Wilson .............................. 316
196. Macromitrium rhacomitrioides Nog. ....................................... 321
197. Macromitrium rimbachii Herzog ............................................. 322
198. Macromitrium rufipilum Cardot ............................................... 322
199. Macromitrium ruginosum Besch. ............................................. 322
200. Macromitrium rugulosum Ångstr. ............................................ 327
201. Macromitrium rusbyanum E. Britton ....................................... 327
202. Macromitrium saddleanum Besch. ex Müll. Hal. .................... 327
203. Macromitrium salakanum Müll. Hal. ....................................... 328
204. Macromitrium savatieri Besch. ................................................ 328
205. Macromitrium schmidii Müll. Hal. ........................................... 329
206. Macromitrium scoparium Mitt. ................................................ 329
207. Macromitrium sejunctum B.H. Allen ....................................... 330
208. Macromitrium semperi Müll. Hal. ............................................ 330
209. Macromitrium serpens (Burch. ex Hook. & Grev.) Brid. ........ 340
210. Macromitrium sharpii H.A. Crum ex Vitt ................................ 340
211. Macromitrium similirete E.B. Bartram ..................................... 341
212. Macromitrium solitarium Müll. Hal. ........................................ 341
213. Macromitrium soulae Renauld & Cardot ................................. 345
214. Macromitrium speirostichum Müll. Hal. .................................. 345
215. Macromitrium st-johnii E.B. Bartram ...................................... 345
216. Macromitrium standleyi E.B. Bartram ..................................... 346
217. Macromitrium stoneae Vitt & H.P. Ramsay ............................. 346
218. Macromitrium streimannii Vitt ................................................. 351
219. Macromitrium subbrevihamatum Broth. .................................. 351
220. Macromitrium subcirrhosum Müll. Hal. .................................. 351
221. Macromitrium subcrenulatum Broth. ....................................... 352
222. Macromitrium subdiscretum R.S. Williams ............................. 352
223. Macromitrium subhemitrichodes Müll. Hal. ............................ 353
224. Macromitrium subincurvum Cardot & Thér. ............................ 353
225. Macromitrium sublaeve Mitt. ................................................... 353
226. Macromitrium sublongicaule E.B. Bartram ............................. 354
227. Macromitrium submucronifolium Müll. Hal. & Hampe ........... 363
228. Macromitrium subperichaetiale Thér. ...................................... 363
229. Macromitrium subscabrum Mitt. .............................................. 363
230. Macromitrium subtortum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. .............. 366
231. Macromitrium subulatum Mitt. ................................................ 366
232. Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid. ..................................... 368
233. Macromitrium swainsonii (Hook.) Brid. .................................. 370
234. Macromitrium taiheizanense Nog. ........................................... 371
235. Macromitrium taiwanense Nog. ............................................... 377
236. Macromitrium taoense Thér. .................................................... 377
237. Macromitrium tenax Müll. Hal. ................................................ 377
238. Macromitrium thwaitesii Broth. ex M. Fleisch. ....................... 381
239. Macromitrium tocaremae Hampe ............................................ 381
240. Macromitrium tongense Sull. ................................................... 381
241. Macromitrium tosae Besch. ...................................................... 382
242. Macromitrium trachypodium Mitt. ........................................... 383
243. Macromitrium trichophyllum Mitt. .......................................... 383
244. Macromitrium trinitense R. S. Williams .................................. 384
245. Macromitrium tuberculatum Dixon .......................................... 384
246. Macromitrium turgidum Dixon ................................................ 385
247. Macromitrium tylostomum Mitt. ex Broth & Sande Lac. ......... 395
248. Macromitrium ulophyllum Mitt. ............................................... 395
249. Macromitrium uraiense Nog. ................................................... 395
250. Macromitrium urceolatum (Hook) Brid. .................................. 396
251. Macromitrium validum Herzog ................................................ 396
252. Macromitrium vesiculosum Tixier ............................................ 396
253. Macromitrium viticulosum (Raddi) Brid. ................................. 397
254. Macromitrium xenizon B.H. Allen & W.R. Buck ..................... 403
255. Macromitrium yuleanum Broth. & Geh. .................................. 403
256. Macromitrium zimmermannii M. Fleisch. ................................ 405
4.4 Doubtful species .................... 406
CHAPTER 5 Results and Discussion ................ 413
5.1 Taxonomy .............................. 413
5.2 Habitats .................................. 413
5.3 Geographic distribution ......... 414
5.4 Morphological variations at the intraspecific level ............................ 416
5.5 Systematics and classification of Macromitrium – a preliminary result........... 425
5.5.1 Molecular phylogeny of Macromitrium .................................. 425
5.5.2 Toward a new classification of Macromitrium ........................ 427
5.6 Preliminary thought about phylogeny and biogeography of Macromitrium........... 430
5.6.1 About the morphology of Macromitrium ................................ 430
5.6.2 About general evolutionary directions and geographic region of origin............. 430
5.6.3 About the endemism, disjunction and speciation time ............ 432
Acknowledgements ..................... 433
References ................................... 435
Index to Scientific Names ........... 443
Appendix. List of all names in the genus Macromitrium ......................... 449
